World Grain - April 2014 - 120

Grain OPERATIONS

Handling issues in
modified DDGS
Bulk transportation of the feedstuff is
challenging due to caking, flow problems
by rumela Bhadra and Kingsly ambrose

Bulk solids handling in food and biomass processing industries is often associated with handling and transportation
problems due to moisture absorption,
caking, microbial growth, and overall
product quality degradation.
Dried distillers grains with solubles - a
vital co-product of the corn ethanol industry that is commonly known as DDGS -
is certainly not exempt from these problems. Corn-based ethanol production in
the U.S. was 13.3 billion gallons in 2012,
yielding a DDGS production of 34.4 million tonnes. This production is based on
the output from about 204 operating ethanol plants, mostly located in the central
and midwestern U.S. (Figure 1).
Demand for DDGS in international
markets is increasing exponentially with
about 9.7 million tonnes DDGS exported overseas in 2013, up by 31% compare to 2012 export. Top destinations
include China (46% of the total export),
Mexico and Canada.
transportation woes
DDGS has been favored as a livestock feed for cattle, swine and poultry because of its high protein content
(approximately 34%), fat content (approximately 11%), and vital amino acids
needed for healthy growth of animals.
Further, research at South Dakota State
University has shown that DDGS could
be used for aquaculture feed.
However, DDGS bulk transportation and handling is a challenge because of its caking and flow problems.
120

Fluctuations in ambient temperature
and humidity, moisture, particle size
and consolidation pressure are the
key factors that lead to DDGS caking.
The presence of temperature gradients
during cooling can lead to high stickiness between DDGS and can facilitate
moisture transfer between particles.
Moisture migration and drying/wetting
cycles lead to formation of solid and
liquid bridges between particles.
Transportation and handling of
DDGS is the third most expensive process in ethanol plants after raw materials and production costs. DDGS caking

during transportation leads to added cost
of breaking the caked mass, damage to
the vessel and worker safety issues.
Generally speaking, for DDGS transportation over short distances (less than
250 miles) trucks are preferred (costing
$0.115/tonne/mile for the average trip
length of 80 miles, with each additional
mile adding 10¢ per tonne to the cost).
For transporting longer distances, railcars (costing $0.052/tonne/mile for a
typical trip distance of 800 miles one
way), and barge (costing $0.018/tonne/
mile for a typical trip of 1,400 miles one
way) are used. These figures are accord-

Figure 1: Location and distribution of bioethanol plants (currently operational and under construction)
in United States. (Source: Colorado Geological Survey Website, March 2011)
April 2014 / World Grain / www.World-Grain.com


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World Grain - April 2014

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of World Grain - April 2014

World Grain - April 2014
Table of Contents
From the Editor-in-chief - Noodles’ role in spurring flour demand
Calendar of Events
2014 IGC Grain Conference
News Review - COFCO buys 51% of Nidera
E.U. compound feed production down
Ceres to sell U.S. grain facility
CBH proposes long-term port agreements
Canada introduces grain rail legislation
Sumitomo to build flour mill in Vietnam
Group to develop grain facility at Port Kembla
CWB to build grain elevator in Manitoba
Viterra completes purchase of terminal
COFCO, Noble to create agribusiness joint venture
Former Continental Grain executive dies
Indofood’s gross profit up 5.4%
Milner Milling acquiring Cereal Food Processors
Temasek subsidiary makes bid for Olam
Despite strong sales, Louis Dreyfus income declines
Grain Market Review - Coarse grains
Country Focus - Tunisia
Best Flours - Muhlenchemie's Newsletter
Cover Topic - Think tank for innovative products
New Products
Trends in the Industry
News from Muhlenchemie - A package of know-how for West Africa
Feature - African Giant Continues Expansion
Feature - NAFTA Turns 20
NAFTA has boosted U.S. corn sales to Mexico
Feature - Non-wheat flours
Variety flours and the supply chain
Feature - GEAPS Exchange 2014
2013 Safety Awards announced at GEAPS Exchange
Feed Operations - Examining the pelleting system
Grain Operations - Avoiding grain entrapment
Feature - Australian Grains Industry Conference
Feature - Wheat rust concerns
Feature - Global flour trade to rebound slightly
Milling Operations - Adjusting the break system
Grain Operations - Handling issues in modified DDGS
Feature - How clean is your facility?
Feature - U.S. whole wheat flour output remains flat
Feature - Passing the Torch
Supplier News
Product Showcase
World Grain Archive
Ad Index/Reader Information Form International Faxback Program
World Grain - April 2014 - World Grain - April 2014
World Grain - April 2014 - 2
World Grain - April 2014 - 3
World Grain - April 2014 - 4
World Grain - April 2014 - Table of Contents
World Grain - April 2014 - 6
World Grain - April 2014 - 7
World Grain - April 2014 - From the Editor-in-chief - Noodles’ role in spurring flour demand
World Grain - April 2014 - 9
World Grain - April 2014 - 2014 IGC Grain Conference
World Grain - April 2014 - 11
World Grain - April 2014 - E.U. compound feed production down
World Grain - April 2014 - 13
World Grain - April 2014 - CBH proposes long-term port agreements
World Grain - April 2014 - Canada introduces grain rail legislation
World Grain - April 2014 - Group to develop grain facility at Port Kembla
World Grain - April 2014 - Viterra completes purchase of terminal
World Grain - April 2014 - COFCO, Noble to create agribusiness joint venture
World Grain - April 2014 - Indofood’s gross profit up 5.4%
World Grain - April 2014 - Despite strong sales, Louis Dreyfus income declines
World Grain - April 2014 - 21
World Grain - April 2014 - Grain Market Review - Coarse grains
World Grain - April 2014 - 23
World Grain - April 2014 - Country Focus - Tunisia
World Grain - April 2014 - 25
World Grain - April 2014 - 26
World Grain - April 2014 - Best Flours - Muhlenchemie's Newsletter
World Grain - April 2014 - Cover Topic - Think tank for innovative products
World Grain - April 2014 - BF-3
World Grain - April 2014 - BF-4
World Grain - April 2014 - BF-5
World Grain - April 2014 - New Products
World Grain - April 2014 - BF-7
World Grain - April 2014 - BF-8
World Grain - April 2014 - BF-9
World Grain - April 2014 - Trends in the Industry
World Grain - April 2014 - BF-11
World Grain - April 2014 - BF-12
World Grain - April 2014 - News from Muhlenchemie - A package of know-how for West Africa
World Grain - April 2014 - BF-14
World Grain - April 2014 - BF-15
World Grain - April 2014 - BF-16
World Grain - April 2014 - BF-17
World Grain - April 2014 - BF-18
World Grain - April 2014 - BF-19
World Grain - April 2014 - BF-20
World Grain - April 2014 - 47
World Grain - April 2014 - Feature - African Giant Continues Expansion
World Grain - April 2014 - 49
World Grain - April 2014 - 50
World Grain - April 2014 - 51
World Grain - April 2014 - 52
World Grain - April 2014 - 53
World Grain - April 2014 - Feature - NAFTA Turns 20
World Grain - April 2014 - 55
World Grain - April 2014 - NAFTA has boosted U.S. corn sales to Mexico
World Grain - April 2014 - 57
World Grain - April 2014 - 58
World Grain - April 2014 - 59
World Grain - April 2014 - Feature - Non-wheat flours
World Grain - April 2014 - 61
World Grain - April 2014 - 62
World Grain - April 2014 - 63
World Grain - April 2014 - Variety flours and the supply chain
World Grain - April 2014 - 65
World Grain - April 2014 - Feature - GEAPS Exchange 2014
World Grain - April 2014 - 67
World Grain - April 2014 - 68
World Grain - April 2014 - 69
World Grain - April 2014 - 70
World Grain - April 2014 - 71
World Grain - April 2014 - 72
World Grain - April 2014 - 73
World Grain - April 2014 - 74
World Grain - April 2014 - 75
World Grain - April 2014 - 2013 Safety Awards announced at GEAPS Exchange
World Grain - April 2014 - 77
World Grain - April 2014 - 78
World Grain - April 2014 - 79
World Grain - April 2014 - Feed Operations - Examining the pelleting system
World Grain - April 2014 - 81
World Grain - April 2014 - 82
World Grain - April 2014 - 83
World Grain - April 2014 - 84
World Grain - April 2014 - 85
World Grain - April 2014 - Grain Operations - Avoiding grain entrapment
World Grain - April 2014 - 87
World Grain - April 2014 - 88
World Grain - April 2014 - 89
World Grain - April 2014 - 90
World Grain - April 2014 - 91
World Grain - April 2014 - 92
World Grain - April 2014 - 93
World Grain - April 2014 - Feature - Australian Grains Industry Conference
World Grain - April 2014 - 95
World Grain - April 2014 - 96
World Grain - April 2014 - 97
World Grain - April 2014 - 98
World Grain - April 2014 - 99
World Grain - April 2014 - 100
World Grain - April 2014 - 101
World Grain - April 2014 - Feature - Wheat rust concerns
World Grain - April 2014 - 103
World Grain - April 2014 - 104
World Grain - April 2014 - 105
World Grain - April 2014 - 106
World Grain - April 2014 - 107
World Grain - April 2014 - 108
World Grain - April 2014 - 109
World Grain - April 2014 - Feature - Global flour trade to rebound slightly
World Grain - April 2014 - 111
World Grain - April 2014 - 112
World Grain - April 2014 - 113
World Grain - April 2014 - Milling Operations - Adjusting the break system
World Grain - April 2014 - 115
World Grain - April 2014 - 116
World Grain - April 2014 - 117
World Grain - April 2014 - 118
World Grain - April 2014 - 119
World Grain - April 2014 - Grain Operations - Handling issues in modified DDGS
World Grain - April 2014 - 121
World Grain - April 2014 - 122
World Grain - April 2014 - 123
World Grain - April 2014 - 124
World Grain - April 2014 - 125
World Grain - April 2014 - Feature - How clean is your facility?
World Grain - April 2014 - 127
World Grain - April 2014 - 128
World Grain - April 2014 - 129
World Grain - April 2014 - Feature - U.S. whole wheat flour output remains flat
World Grain - April 2014 - 131
World Grain - April 2014 - Feature - Passing the Torch
World Grain - April 2014 - 133
World Grain - April 2014 - Supplier News
World Grain - April 2014 - 135
World Grain - April 2014 - 136
World Grain - April 2014 - 137
World Grain - April 2014 - 138
World Grain - April 2014 - 139
World Grain - April 2014 - Product Showcase
World Grain - April 2014 - World Grain Archive
World Grain - April 2014 - Ad Index/Reader Information Form International Faxback Program
World Grain - April 2014 - 143
World Grain - April 2014 - 144
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http://digital.world-grain.com/sosland/wg/2007_02_01
http://digital.world-grain.com/sosland/wg/2007_01_01
http://digital.world-grain.com/sosland/wg/2006_12_01
http://digital.world-grain.com/sosland/wg/2006_11_01
http://digital.world-grain.com/sosland/wg/2006_10_01
http://digital.world-grain.com/sosland/wg/2006_09_01
http://digital.world-grain.com/sosland/wg/2006_08_01
http://digital.world-grain.com/sosland/wg/2006_07_01
http://digital.world-grain.com/sosland/wg/2006_06_01
http://digital.world-grain.com/sosland/wg/2006_05_01
http://digital.world-grain.com/sosland/wg/2006_04_01
http://digital.world-grain.com/sosland/wg/2006_03_01
http://digital.world-grain.com/sosland/wg/2006_02_01
http://digital.world-grain.com/sosland/wg/2006_01_01
http://digital.world-grain.com/sosland/wg/2005_12_01
http://digital.world-grain.com/sosland/wg/2005_11_01
http://digital.world-grain.com/sosland/wg/2005_10_01
http://digital.world-grain.com/sosland/wg/2005_09_01
http://digital.world-grain.com/sosland/wg/2005_08_01
http://digital.world-grain.com/sosland/wg/2005_07_01
http://digital.world-grain.com/sosland/wg/2005_06_01
http://digital.world-grain.com/sosland/wg/2005_05_01
http://digital.world-grain.com/sosland/wg/2005_04_01
http://digital.world-grain.com/sosland/wg/2005_03_01
http://digital.world-grain.com/sosland/wg/2005_02_01
http://digital.world-grain.com/sosland/wg/2005_01_01
http://digital.world-grain.com/sosland/wg/2004_12_01
http://digital.world-grain.com/sosland/wg/2004_11_01
http://digital.world-grain.com/sosland/wg/2004_10_02
http://digital.world-grain.com/sosland/wg/2004_10_02
http://digital.world-grain.com/sosland/wg/2004_10_01
http://digital.world-grain.com/sosland/wg/2004_09_01
http://digital.world-grain.com/sosland/wg/2004_08_01
https://www.nxtbookmedia.com