World Grain - January 2022 - 60

FEATURE: EXAMINING CHINA'S WHEAT IMPORT HISTORY
China wheat imports since joining WTO
(in 1,000 tonnes)
2001-02
1,092
2011-12
2,933
2002-03
418
2012-13
2,960
2003-04
3,749
2013-14
6,773
2004-05
6,747
2014-15
1,926
2005-06
1,129
2015-16
3,476
2006-07
388
2016-17
4,410
2007-08
49
2017-18
3,937
2008-09
481
2018-19
3,145
2009-10
1,394
2019-20
5,376
2010-11
927
2020-21
10,618
end users who must import through a state trading enterprise
(STE) designated by the Chinese government,
the report said. The current STE - China Oil and
Foodstuffs Corporation (COFCO) - is the same company
that once monopolized grain trade prior to China
joining the WTO 20 years ago.
" China's delegation to the WTO has fielded many
questions from counterparts about how the TRQs were
administered, their opacity, and why the quotas were
not filled, " the ERS said. " China's TRQ mechanism,
in place since 2001, had remained mostly unchanged
until the United States initiated a WTO dispute that
challenged the administrative practices China used to
manage wheat, corn and rice TRQs.
" In 2019, a report issued by a WTO Dispute
Settlement Body found that some of China's procedures
for allocating quotas were not transparent, predictable,
or fair to applicants. The WTO report also revealed that
Chinese authorities had used criteria to assess applications
that were not revealed to the applicants. "
China has since revised application instructions beginning
with the 2020 TRQ that allowed applicants to
request both STE and non-STE quotas and stipulated
new capacity requirements for applicants. But the ERS
report noted that despite these changes, WTO member
countries remained unclear as to whether the revisions
addressed issues raised in the dispute, as Chinese authorities
did not reveal whether changes in procedures
complied with requests made in the WTO report.
The ERS said the increase in feed use for wheat raises
more questions about the TRQ's operation and its
future role in China.
" The wheat TRQ guidelines stipulate minimum capacity
requirements at flour mills and for food processors
but nothing for feed mills, " the ERS said. " Some
animal feed companies nevertheless applied for wheat
TRQ, but their numbers dwindled from 31 in 2015 to
2 in 2020 and 8 in 2021. Branches of some of China's
largest feed companies appeared on the lists. "
Consumption rising quickly
China, the world's biggest wheat producer most years,
is forecast to harvest 137 million tonnes in the 2021-22
60
marketing year, according to the Food and Agricultural
Service (FAS) of the USDA. However, while production
has been relatively steady in recent years, consumption
last year jumped to a record 150 million
tonnes - 24 million tonnes above the previous high in
2019-20. Only a slight drop-off is predicted this year as
intake is projected at 148.5 million tonnes.
Earlier this year, China announced it would be almost
entirely self-sufficient in staple grains such as
wheat and rice by 2025.
" The grain production will keep increasing and
China's food security will be absolutely guaranteed during
the 14th Five-Year Plan period, " said Mei Xurong,
vice president of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural
Sciences. The five-year plan runs from 2021-25.
However, living up to that proclamation could be difficult
if consumption continues to increase at the rate of
the last couple of years.
While China is known for its consumption of rice,
wheat flour is the main ingredient in many of the country's
staple foods, such as steamed bread, noodles, scallion-filled
pancakes, deep-fried dough, and dumplings
in heavily populated northern regions. More recently,
flour-based instant noodles, hamburger buns, snack
foods, and European-style bread and pastries have become
popular nationwide.
Over the last 20 years, even as China's annual wheat
use grew from about 110 million tonnes to 145 million,
the wheat import quota (9.63 million tonnes) remained
unchanged, the report said.
Non-wheat-growing regions favored
Given the growing popularity of flour-based products,
it's not surprising that most of the Chinese applicants for
wheat imports are flour milling companies that report a
combined milling capacity of 100 million tonnes (wheat
equivalent), which represent about half of the industry's
total, according to the report. Thus, the 3 million to 4
million tonnes of wheat imported most years represents
a small fraction of the industry's milling capacity.
The ERS said data show that applicants who are
awarded quotes receive small allocations, with a few
city-level offices announcing that only one or two millJanuary
2022 / World Grain / World-Grain.com
Source: US Department of Agriculture's Foreign Agricultural Service
http://www.World-Grain.com

World Grain - January 2022

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of World Grain - January 2022

World Grain - January 2022 - Intro
World Grain - January 2022 - 1
World Grain - January 2022 - 2
World Grain - January 2022 - 3
World Grain - January 2022 - 4
World Grain - January 2022 - 5
World Grain - January 2022 - 6
World Grain - January 2022 - 7
World Grain - January 2022 - 8
World Grain - January 2022 - 9
World Grain - January 2022 - 10
World Grain - January 2022 - 11
World Grain - January 2022 - 12
World Grain - January 2022 - 13
World Grain - January 2022 - 14
World Grain - January 2022 - 15
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World Grain - January 2022 - 17
World Grain - January 2022 - 18
World Grain - January 2022 - 19
World Grain - January 2022 - 20
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