Archaeology Magazine - June 1968 - 65

of the Paracas style are to a high
degree complementary,and each is
a considerable aid in mastering
the contents of the other. Sawyer
shows admirable candor in advocating that all those who are professionally interested should make a
detailed comparison of the two
analyses.
Donald W. Lathrap
Universityof Illinois

the Incas during their occupation
of the Valley of Cuzco. However,
they do not consider the people
termed Wallas who are mentioned
by chroniclersas still living around
Cuzco in Inca times. Furthermore,
the dates which are supplied in the
text to support the proposal do not
take into account recent archaeologiWilliam A. Longacre
cal literature. The occupation of
Cuzco by the Incas is probably half
Universityof Arizona
a century later than what the Waisbards accept, but of greater magnitude is the error in dating the
ANDMAGICIANS:Tiahuanaco
MASKS,
MUMMIES,
period. Their dates of
of Explorationin Pre-Inca 1000 to 1300
A.D.are removed by
EARLY
NAVAHO
PAINTINGS
AND A Voyage
ROCK
Peru, Simone and Roger Waistwo centuries from the more reCARVINGS,
by Polly SCHAAFSMA.bard.by Translated by Patricia
32 pages, 16 figures, photograph
cently accepteddates of 800 to 1100
xii, 176 pages, 4 figures, a.D.
on inside front cover, foldout map Russell,
It is unlikely that a Cuzco
16 plates, 3 maps. Praeger, New
on inside back cover. Museum of
group could have been driven out
York
1966
$5.95
Navaho CeremonialArt, Santa Fe,
by the Incas, reached Lima and
N. M. 1966 $1.00paper
Speculative interpretations of ar- buried their dead with ceramics of
evidence,historicaldoc- an early Coast Tiahuanaco type
This short but lucid book is an chaeological
uments and linguistics have been some three centuries before the
excellentintroduction to early Navcombined with much imagination Incas attacked Cuzco!
aho rock paintings and carving in
to form the basis of this romantic
is not only in chronology that
northwestern New Mexico. Mrs. account of ancient Peru. The au- theIt Waisbards
have bogged down.
Schaafsma has done an admirable thors have a
great deal to say about Their descriptionof life in a coastal
ina
wealth
of
of
job
condensing
funeral rites, idols, oracles and hu- village during pre-Inca times is not
formation in this well written mon- man sacrifice,
but the intended infrequently erroneous and their
ograph.
theme is a reconstruction of the statements about religion are almost
She presents a portrait of early
of the Wallas.
entirely undocumented. In fact
Navaho culture in northwestern history
The historical peoples known as there is neither bibliography nor
New Mexico beginning with the the Wallas lived around the area footnoteincludedin the volume.For
earliest Navaho period identifiedin of Lima.
are only brieflymen- the serious student the book is too
the Southwest (Dinetah phase, tioned They
by the chroniclers, and as full of unsubstantiated statements
1550-1696A.D.)and focusing upon little archaeological
material is to merit scholarly interest. The
the Gobernador phase (1696- available,
remain almost com- omnivorous reader will find some
they
1775). It is from this later period,
unknown. The Waisbards stimulating ideas and interesting
in effect the 18th century, that the pletely
have not succeededin adding much descriptionsof individual mummies,
the
of
rock
majority of
examples
useful knowledge. They identify but the text conveysa false impresart are found. This was a time of
a group of mummies excavated sion avoidedby equally excitingand
intensiveinteractionbetweenPueblo from
a pyramid in Lima as repre- better documented books. Though
and Navaho peoples with great senting the
remains of the Wallas. the format of the volume closely
change in Navaho culture. The
The authors then attempt to recon- resembles that of the Ancient
Pueblo influence is reflected in the struct epic migrations from far-off
Peoples and Places series also pubrock art.
places of origin, eventually correlat- lished by Praeger, readers should be
The book focuses upon 18th ing the coastal
Wallas with peoples cautioned against making the idencentury Navaho rock art from the of the same name whom the Incas tification.
San Juan and Gobernador districts describedas being among the origiWilliam H. Isbell
of northwestern New Mexico. At- nal inhabitants of Cuzco.
Illinois
of
University
In retracing the Wallas' wandertempts are made to identify certain
expressions in modern Navaho
ings, any place name which includes
sandpaintings extant in the 18th some element sounding like Walla
THE LIAR& Other Indian
century art. Several specific yei - a Quechua term, Huaylla, which GLUSKAP
by HORACEP. BECK,with
figures are identified in both mod- meant an unplowed pasture land Tales,
ern sandpaintings and early rock or grass- was taken to indicate illustrations by Arthur K. D.
art. In addition to describing the
a former residence of the Wallas. Healy. ix, 182 pages, 11 illustrations. Bond Wheelwright, Freeport,
art forms the author discusses the With this technique the Walla
techniques of production and she trail was traced to Cuzco, Lake Maine 1966 $5.95
explores the functioning of rock Titicaca, into the eastern Peruvian
Gluskap (the name means "liar")
art in early Ñavaho culture.
jungle, to Equador and possibly was a giant with an ugly face,
The book is well illustrated and
even to the mouth of the Amazon! stone eyebrows, and an enormous
contains a short bibliography for
The authors propose that the stone ax, who created man and all
further reading. The reader inter- Wallas of Lima were the remnants the animals in the state of Maine
ested in Navaho rock art specifi- of the Cuzco Wallas, driven out by and the Northland around it in a
cally or Navaho ceremonial art in
general can find this little book
most useful. More detailed information is provided by Mrs. Schaafsma's monograph, Rock Art of the
Navajo Reservoir District (Museum of New Mexico Papers in
Anthropology, 7), Santa Fe, 1963.

225

Archaeology Magazine - June 1968

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