IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine - November/December 2021 - 28

Communications Technology
Table 5. Comparison of Latency.
communications as a premium service to the
financial hubs around the world. As per Information
Week Magazine, it is estimated that in trading
stocks at the stock exchange, a 1 ms
advantage can be worth $100 million a year to a
single major brokerage firm.18 It is not hard to
imagine that an advantage of a few milliseconds
in financial stock markets may result in billions
of dollars of revenues for these financial firms.
These firms are already looking for technological
solutions such as high-speed communications
networks to reduce latency, and a low-latency
next-generation satellite network may provide
the perfect solution.
In phase I, the LEO satellites of Starlink's
upcoming constellation will orbit the Earth at an
altitude of 550 km. To communicate over such a
next-generation satellite network, a combined
ingress and egress distance of 1100 km will be
involved from Earth to ingress satellite (entry point
of the satellite network) and from egress satellite
(exit point of the satellite network) back to Earth.
This extra distance to use the satellite network prevents
lower latencies compared to the terrestrial
optical fiber network over shorter distances. However,
the extra latency resulting from this extra distance
can easily be offset by communicating over
longer distances between cities (or financial centers)
around the world at the speed of light over
next-generation satellite networks.
A comparison between next-generation satellite
networks and existing terrestrial optical fiber
networks in terms of latency, or more specifically
propagation delay, is illustrated in Table 5.
28
The scenario illustrating this comparison is
shown in Figure 3. The refractive index of a Corning
single-mode optical fiber suitable for communications
over long distances is 1.4675 at
1310 nm19 and the speed of light in this optical
fiber is c/1.4675. The exact value of the speed of
light in vacuum or c is 299 792 458 m/s.20 In this
example, we consider the exact value of the
speed of light in vacuum for a next-generation
satellite network. We consider the speed of light
in optical fiber in a terrestrial network to be
Figure 3. Scenario for illustrating the latency
comparison between a next-generation satellite
network and a terrestrial optical fiber network. Earth
is shown in blue, LEO satellites in yellow, and
terrestrial optical fiber relay stations in green.
IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine

IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine - November/December 2021

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