Potentials - November/December 2017 - 46

Much exploration needs to be
completed to come up with a solution
that best suits the PUF purpose.

Much of the current research has
concentrated on the circuit-level im-
plementation of the PUF. Not much
work has been done on the systemlevel security model of PUFs. Since
the PUF circuit needs to facilitate
other circuits in the systems, a
thorough analysis of the overall sys-
tem must be provided and not just
PUF circuitry.
PUFs are meant to complement
or replace other hardware authenti-
cation techniques such as biometric
authentication (when the hardware
is tied to a specific person), smart
cards, and hardware one-time pass-
word (OTP) tokens. Of these meth-
ods, PUFs can only complement, but
not replace, biometric authentication
by providing a dual layer of protec-
tion: identification of a specific per-
son (biometrics) possessing a spe-
cific piece of hardware (PUFs). Smart
cards, on the other hand, can be com-
pletely replaced by PUFs since they
are much more secure and not ame-
nable to theft (as a smart card is).
OTP tokens can be either replaced or
complemented by PUFs, depending
on whether a single layer or protec-
tion (OTP token or PUF) is sufficient
or two layers are preferred (OTP to-
ken and PUF).
Similarly, designs involving mem-
ristors, which have the potential
to scale down to 3 nm, need to be
explored. Since CMOS technologies
beyond 18 nm face many challeng-
es, other alternative options based
on graphene or CNTs are being con-
sidered. As the memristor-based
PUF is a very recent area of focus,
and not much work has been done
on it, research needs to be condcuted
on the performance of such devices
based on the sources of variations
in memristors along with other stan-
dard variations.

46	

■	

N o v e mber /D ecember 2017 	

Furthermore, technology advan--
c e m e nt s h ave op e ne d ne w P U F
sources like phase-change devices,
spin-torque transfer devices, and
devices manufactured with quan-
tum dots, graphene, and nanotubes.
Much exploration needs to be com-
pleted to come up w ith a solution
that best suits the PUF purpose.

Read more about it
** R. S. Pappu, B. Recht, J. Tay-
lor, and N. Gershenfeld, "Physical
one-way functions," Sci. J., vol.
2 9 7 , no. 5589, pp. 2026-2030,
Sep. 2002.
** C. Herder, M. D. Yu, F. Kou--
shanfar, and S. Devadas, "Phy-sical
unclonable functions and applica-
tions: A tutorial," Proc. IEEE, vol.
102, no. 8, pp. 1126-1141, Aug.
2014.
** M.D. Yu and S. Devadas,
"Secure and robust error correction
for physical unclonable functions,"
Proc. IEEE Des. Test Comput., vol.
27, no. 1, pp. 48-65, Feb. 2010.
** O. Gunlu and O. Iscan, "DCT
based ring oscillator physical un--
clonable functions," in Proc. IEEE Int.
Conf. Acoustics, Speech and Signal
Processing, Florence, May 2014, pp.
8198-8201.
** G. E. Suh and S. Devadas,
"Physical unclonable functions for
device authentication and secret key
generation," in Proc. 44th ACM/IEEE
Design Automation Conf., San Diego,
CA, June 2007, pp. 9-14.
** B. Gassend, D. Clarke, M. van
Dijk, and S. Devada, "Controlled
physical random functions," in
Proc. 18th Annu. Computer Security
Applications Conf., Washington,
D.C., Nov. 2002, pp. 149-160.
** Y. Lao and K. K. Parhi, "Statis-
tical analysis of mux-based physical
unclonable functions," IEEE Trans.

IEEE POTENTIALS

Computer-Aided Design, vol. 33,
no. 5, pp. 649-662, May 2014.
** S. P. Mohanty, "Memristor: From
basics to deployment," IEEE Potentials, vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 34-39, May/
June 2013.
** G. S. Rose, N. McDonald, L. K.
Yan, and B. Wysocki, "A write-time
based memristive PUF for hardware
security applications," in Proc. IEEE/
ACM Int. Conf. Computer-Aided De--
sign, San Jose, CA, Nov. 2013, pp.
830-833.
** C. D. Dimitrakopoulos, D. Pfei-
ffer, and J. T. Smith, "Authentication
using graphene based devices as
physical unclonable functions," U.S.
Patent 2014/0 159 040 A1, June
12, 2012.

About the authors
Shital Joshi (ShitalJoshi@my.unt
.edu) earned his Ph.D. degree in
computer science and engineer-
ing from the University of North
Texas in 2016. He earned his mas-
ter's degree from the Institute of
-Technology, Varanasi, in 2011.
S a ra j u P. M oha nt y (s a r a ju
.mohanty@unt.edu) is a professor
at t he D epa r t ment of Computer
Science and Engineering, Universi-
ty of North Texas, and the director
of the NanoSystem Design Labora-
tory. He earned his Ph.D. degree in
computer science and engineering
from the University of South Flori-
da in 2003 and his master's degree
in systems science and automation
from the Indian Institute of Sci-
ence, Ba nga lore, India, i n 1999.
He is the editor-in-chief of IEEE
Consumer Electronics Maga zine
a nd a Senior Member of the IEEE
and the Association for Comput-
ing Machinery.
Elias Kougianos (eliask@unt
.edu) is a professor of electrical en-
gineering technology at the Univer-
sity of North Texas. He earned his
Ph.D. degree in electrical engineer-
ing from Lousiana State University
in 1997. He is a Senior Member of
the IEEE.




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