IEEE Electrification - September 2021 - 11

Loads
(CL, NCL)
Generators
(Conventional, Renewable)
Storage Systems
Network
(Lines, Feeders,
Transformers, Topology...)
Switches Systems
Protection System
Communication System
Sensor System
Control System
Fault-Analysis
Computer
Tools (T2)
Dynamic Simulator
Computer Tools (T3)
Control
at the
End
Controller
(Microprocessors,
Algorithms, Circuits)
Actuator
System
Reference
to Follow
Feedback
to be Controlled
Sensor
Steady-State
Computer
Tools (T1.1)
Cost-Analysis
Computer
Tools (T1.2)
Not Good
Enough for
Microgrid
Design
Sequential
Process
Each Step
Limits the
Next One
Figure 4. The steps of a conventional, sequential microgrid design process.
storage systems, networks, power systems,
protection systems, economics,
communication systems, sensors,
and control systems (see Figure 5). In
this way, CCD proposes optimal solutions
that are not achievable otherwise,
enabling a more optimal design
with better system dynamics and
observability and controllability
among other advantages, which often
results in a lower system cost and
improved reliability and resilience.
CCD methodologies are mainly
based on engineering, mathematics,
and computer science and feature
three corresponding areas: 1) (A1)
control-inspired paradigms, 2) (A2) cooptimization
techniques, and 3) (A3)
co-simulation methods (see Figure 6).
In addition, the CCD of microgrids
typically needs information from five
inputs: (i1) microgrid objectives, (i2)
predesign of components, (i3) physics-based
models, (i4) real data from
experiments, and (i5) case studies to
validate the design (see Figure 6).
The first input of the process, (i1)
microgrid objectives, defines the
Loads
DERs, EVs, . . .
Generators
Renew. Conv.
CCD
Storage
Systems
Network, Lines,
Transformers
Optimum
Microgrid
Design
Figure 5. The CCD of a microgrid. Renew.: renewable; Conv.: conventional; HW: hardware; SW:
software.
IEEE Electrification Magazine / SEPTEMBER 2021
11
Protection
Power Electronics
Economics,
Resilience, Reliability
Control
Dynamics
goals and targets to be achieved
by the microgrid or cluster of
microgrids. Usually, these objectives
are formally defined in terms of
Sensors, Big Data,
Signal Processing
Communications,
HW, SW, Algorithms
Dynamics
Control
Fault
Analysis
Steady-State Calculations
Cost Analysis

IEEE Electrification - September 2021

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