CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINES 11 Other Systemic Causes Boosting (an episode of AD intentionally caused by an athlete with SCI in an attempt to enhance physical performance). Deep vein thrombosis. Excessive alcohol intake. Excessive caffeine or other diuretic intake. Fractures or other trauma. Functional electrical stimulation. Heterotopic bone. Over-the-counter or prescribed stimulants. Pulmonary emboli. Substance abuse. Surgical or invasive diagnostic procedures.