IEEE Power Electronics Magazine - June 2022 - 17

with the APM. The APM in an EV is mainly used to replace
the alternator in a conventional internal combustion engine
(ICE) vehicle. It bridges the HV system with the LV system,
say 12 V. Essentially, it is another isolated dc/dc converter,
with the typical structure very similar to the isolated dc/dc
stage of the OBC[6], except that the terminal voltage varies
from 10 V to 14 V [7], [8]. This provides opportunities for two
units to share the same components aiming at cost saving
and size reduction.
In addition to the system integration, recent EV users
tend to treat the battery not only as the load, but also as
a generation source. While vehicle-to-grid (V2G) has concerns
for EV OEMs in regards to battery degradation due
to overuse, vehicle-to-load (V2L) feature is useful during
grid blackout particularly when in recent years natural
disasters have happened more frequently. This, however,
requires the battery charger to be bidirectional and have
the ability for grid forming control, which will add cost
to the charger design. Such a feature allows the battery
together with the OBC to form a local microgrid.
PFC
dc-Bus
Caps
Switches
PFC
Inductance
The third element is the transformer-less design for
XFCs. Such high charging power, e.g., >150 kW, imposes
high current stress on the distribution-level power grid,
particularly when considering several EVs are being
charged at the same time. Therefore the latest research
attempt is to draw power directly from medium voltage
transmission lines, say 13.4 kVac. Instead of stepping
down such voltage to three-phase 480 Vac using bulky and
heavy 50/60 Hz transformer, high-voltage semiconductor
devices with multilevel topologies offer the chances to
eliminate the grid-side transformer thereby saving size
and weight.
Last but not the least, wireless power transfer (WPT)
is another hotspot emerging in recent years. The wireless
charging coils can be buried underground, allowing the
charging station footprint to be reduced. Charging plugs,
which cause safety concerns without supervision and can
be easily damaged, are no longer required. In October 2020,
SAE International published its first standard J2954 on
WPT for EVs, allowing charging power up to 11 kW over a
PFC
EMI Filter
Length: 35 cm
Width: 31 cm
Control
Card
ac
Flyback Auxiliary
Power Supply
dc
Output Filter
DAB Primary
Side Switches
DAB
Transformer
(a)
500
400
300
200
100
DAB Secondary
Side Switches
Fans
0102030
40 50 60
Current (A)
(b)
FIG 3 (a) UTK designed 22 kW EV battery charger. (b) Charging I-V curve specifications for 22 kW EV battery charger.
June 2022 z IEEE POWER ELECTRONICS MAGAZINE 17
Voltage (V)

IEEE Power Electronics Magazine - June 2022

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Power Electronics Magazine - June 2022

Contents
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IEEE Power Electronics Magazine - June 2022 - Cover2
IEEE Power Electronics Magazine - June 2022 - Contents
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