IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Winter 2016 - 54

Voltage converters are categorized into
two groups, the switching converter
and the SC converter.

general number of stages, a voltage
drop of k th capacitor is proportional to k 2, and so the total voltage drop is proportional to N 3 [5].
Therefore, the CW multiplier with
a large number of stages has very
large output impedance.
An advantage of the CW multiplier is that voltages across each
capacitor and diode do not exceed
2VIN . This means that the multiplier can be composed of low-voltage devices, which implies that the
circuit area can be smaller than

diodes in 1971 as shown in Figure 4(a)
[5]. The procedure to derive the
I OUT -VOUT equation is much easier
than the CW. Assuming Q is the
amount of charge to be transferred
to the output terminal, each capacitor loses the same amount of Q in inseries phase as shown in Figure 4(b).
Thus, each capacitor needs to be
charged by Q in in-parallel phase.
Before charging Q , each capacitor
voltage should be VIN - Q/C. Thus,
VCAP = VIN - Q/C. Consequently, VOUT
is calculated as

a multiplier using high-voltage
devices. You may have to take care
of isolation from ground to prevent
the devices from being broken when
low-voltage devices are used.

Brugler Serial-Parallel,
(1971) Figure 4
As the output impedance of the
CW multiplier increases by a factor
of N 3, the challenge was to reduce
the output impedance. Brugler proposed serial-parallel (SP) configuration using switches rather than
V1

0V

Phase 1

Thus, the output impedance is proportional to N 1, which is much smaller
than that of CW multiplier of N 3 .
V3

C1

V5

C3

C5

C2

VIN

VOUT =VIN +N VCAP = (N + 1) VIN -N Q/C.
(1)

C4
V2

QIN = 6Q
Phase 2

V1

VIN

V3

C1

VOUT

V4
V5

C3

QOUT

C5

=Q
C2

0V

C4
V2
(b)

(5) 2VIN - 5Q/C
(1) VIN
V1
0V

Phase 1

C1

(9) 2VIN - 8Q/C
V3

C3
C2

VIN

VOUT

V4

V5
C5

C4
VOUT

V2
V4
(4) 2VIN - 5Q/C
(8) 2VIN - 8Q/C

(2) VIN - 3Q/C (6) 2VIN - 7Q/C (10) 2VIN - 9Q/C
V1

Phase 2
VIN
(a)

C1

V3
C3

C2
0V

V5
C5

C4
V2

Q
VOUT

V4

(11) VOUT = 6VIN - 19Q/C
(7) 2VIN - 7Q/C

(3) 2VIN - 3Q/C
(c)

Figure 3: (a) a 2.5-mv generator using cw voltage multiplier [12]. (b) The charge flow of cw voltage multiplier in steady state [3].
(c) a cockcroft-walton voltage multiplier (1932) [3].

54

W I N T E R 2 0 16

IEEE SOLID-STATE CIRCUITS MAGAZINE



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