IEEE Spectrum November, 2013 - 51
BAlAncinG Act:
Dustin Shillcox works on
balance and core muscle
control at the Frazier
Rehab Institute, in
Louisville, Ky. The spinal
stimulation system is
turned on throughout
the exercises.
range of frequencies and voltages. Without an algorithm to help
her choose parameters, Harkema must rely on her experience,
some limited neural mapping data, and what she sees on her
monitors. "I have to look at the EMG data whizzing by and then
make decisions about what I can change out of these 4.3 x 107
combinations to get it better," says Harkema. She's gotten pretty
good at making adjustments, but she acknowledges that no one
can fully interpret the nuances of all that EMG data.
to do better, Harkema has enlisted the help of a handful of engineers who say they can build a stimulation system specifically for
her research. At the California Institute of Technology, mechanical
engineer Joel Burdick is developing a machine-learning algorithm
that aims to take some of the guesswork out of choosing stimulation parameters.
The algorithm is based on statistical methods that predict
the patient's likely response to stimulation patterns-even those
that haven't been tested yet. The prediction part is crucial because
there's no way to try out all the options: There are millions of electrode configurations, and every patient is different. And just to
make things even more complicated, patients' spinal cords change
during the course of the stimulation experiments. "The amount
of time it would take to test that space is beyond a patient's lifetime," says Burdick. So the algorithm has to learn quickly. It must
apply reasonable stimulation patterns and then use the patient's
EMG responses to choose better configurations.
Burdick's team is working with Edgerton's lab at UCLA to test
the algorithm on paralyzed rats. The researchers are starting
simply, using just a couple of electrodes and trying to maximize
the response in a particular muscle. The first step is to make sure
if the shoe fits
Adhesives Bond Similar and Dissimilar Substrates
* Room temperature, heat curing and UV cure systems
* High performance
* Easy application
Hackensack, NJ 07601 USA *
+1.201.343.8983 * main@masterbond.com
www.masterbond.com
http://www.masterbond.com
Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Spectrum November, 2013
IEEE Spectrum November, 2013 - Cover1
IEEE Spectrum November, 2013 - Cover2
IEEE Spectrum November, 2013 - 1
IEEE Spectrum November, 2013 - 2
IEEE Spectrum November, 2013 - 3
IEEE Spectrum November, 2013 - 4
IEEE Spectrum November, 2013 - 5
IEEE Spectrum November, 2013 - 6
IEEE Spectrum November, 2013 - 7
IEEE Spectrum November, 2013 - 8
IEEE Spectrum November, 2013 - 9
IEEE Spectrum November, 2013 - 10
IEEE Spectrum November, 2013 - 11
IEEE Spectrum November, 2013 - 12
IEEE Spectrum November, 2013 - 13
IEEE Spectrum November, 2013 - 14
IEEE Spectrum November, 2013 - 15
IEEE Spectrum November, 2013 - 16
IEEE Spectrum November, 2013 - 17
IEEE Spectrum November, 2013 - 18
IEEE Spectrum November, 2013 - 19
IEEE Spectrum November, 2013 - 20
IEEE Spectrum November, 2013 - 21
IEEE Spectrum November, 2013 - 22
IEEE Spectrum November, 2013 - 23
IEEE Spectrum November, 2013 - 24
IEEE Spectrum November, 2013 - 25
IEEE Spectrum November, 2013 - 26
IEEE Spectrum November, 2013 - 27
IEEE Spectrum November, 2013 - 28
IEEE Spectrum November, 2013 - 29
IEEE Spectrum November, 2013 - 30
IEEE Spectrum November, 2013 - 31
IEEE Spectrum November, 2013 - 32
IEEE Spectrum November, 2013 - 33
IEEE Spectrum November, 2013 - 34
IEEE Spectrum November, 2013 - 35
IEEE Spectrum November, 2013 - 36
IEEE Spectrum November, 2013 - 37
IEEE Spectrum November, 2013 - 38
IEEE Spectrum November, 2013 - 39
IEEE Spectrum November, 2013 - 40
IEEE Spectrum November, 2013 - 41
IEEE Spectrum November, 2013 - 42
IEEE Spectrum November, 2013 - 43
IEEE Spectrum November, 2013 - 44
IEEE Spectrum November, 2013 - 45
IEEE Spectrum November, 2013 - 46
IEEE Spectrum November, 2013 - 47
IEEE Spectrum November, 2013 - 48
IEEE Spectrum November, 2013 - 49
IEEE Spectrum November, 2013 - 50
IEEE Spectrum November, 2013 - 51
IEEE Spectrum November, 2013 - 52
IEEE Spectrum November, 2013 - 53
IEEE Spectrum November, 2013 - 54
IEEE Spectrum November, 2013 - 55
IEEE Spectrum November, 2013 - 56
IEEE Spectrum November, 2013 - 57
IEEE Spectrum November, 2013 - 58
IEEE Spectrum November, 2013 - 59
IEEE Spectrum November, 2013 - 60
IEEE Spectrum November, 2013 - 61
IEEE Spectrum November, 2013 - 62
IEEE Spectrum November, 2013 - 63
IEEE Spectrum November, 2013 - 64
IEEE Spectrum November, 2013 - 65
IEEE Spectrum November, 2013 - 66
IEEE Spectrum November, 2013 - 67
IEEE Spectrum November, 2013 - 68
IEEE Spectrum November, 2013 - 69
IEEE Spectrum November, 2013 - 70
IEEE Spectrum November, 2013 - 71
IEEE Spectrum November, 2013 - 72
IEEE Spectrum November, 2013 - 73
IEEE Spectrum November, 2013 - 74
IEEE Spectrum November, 2013 - 75
IEEE Spectrum November, 2013 - 76
IEEE Spectrum November, 2013 - 77
IEEE Spectrum November, 2013 - 78
IEEE Spectrum November, 2013 - 79
IEEE Spectrum November, 2013 - 80
IEEE Spectrum November, 2013 - 81
IEEE Spectrum November, 2013 - 82
IEEE Spectrum November, 2013 - 83
IEEE Spectrum November, 2013 - 84
IEEE Spectrum November, 2013 - Cover3
IEEE Spectrum November, 2013 - Cover4
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1217
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1117
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0917
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0817
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0717
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0617
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0517
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0417
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0317
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0217
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0117
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1216
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1116
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1016
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0916
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0816
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0716
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0616
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0516
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0416
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0316
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0216
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0116
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1215
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1115
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1015
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0915
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0815
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0715
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0615
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0515
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0415
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0315
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0215
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0115
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1214
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1114
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1014
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0914
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0814
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0714
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0614
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0514
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0414
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0314
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0214
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0114
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1213
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1113
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1013
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0913
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0813
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0713
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0613
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0513
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0413
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0313
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0213
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0113
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1212
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1112
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1012
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0912
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0812
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0712
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0612
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0512
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0412
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0312
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0212
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0112
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1211
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1111
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1011
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0911
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0811
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0711
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0611
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0511
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0411
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0311
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0211
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0111
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1210
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1110
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1010
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0910
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0810
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0710
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0610
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0510
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0410
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0310
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0210
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0110
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1209
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1109
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1009
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0909
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0809
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0709
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0609
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0509
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0409
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0309
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0209
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0109
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1208
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1108
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1008
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0908
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0808
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0708
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0608
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0508
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0408
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0308
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0208
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0108
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1207
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1107
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1007
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0907
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0807
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0707
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0607
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0507
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0407
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0307
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0207
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0107
https://www.nxtbookmedia.com