IEEE Electrification Magazine - March 2018 - 27

Government Policies
help Promote
clean Transportation
in India
Proton-exchange membrane fuel cells for vehicles.

he fuel-cell (fc) concept was invented
and demonstrated in the early 18th century by humphrey davy. the fc itself was
developed in 1839 by the chemist william
Grove, who conducted a series of experiments with what he called a gas-voltaic battery. the term
fuel cell was first used in 1889 by charles langer and ludwig Mond, who researched fcs using coal gas as a fuel. in
the early 1960s, the national aeronautics and space
administration and its industrial partners conducted
experiments on manned space vehicles based on alkaline
fcs (afcs). later, the international fc made advances in
the afc for the apollo space mission, which resulted in
supporting the requirements of drinking water and electricity for the astronauts.
Government policies in india have helped promote
clean transportation and the development of protonexchange membrane fc (peMfc) vehicles in automotive
applications. in 2004, Banaras hindu university (Bhu) and
the Ministry of new Renewable energy developed a
motorcycle using new fc technology based on peMfcs. in
the 2010s, the indian space Research organization and
tata corporation ltd. jointly developed the passenger
vehicle project named "starbus" based on the peMfc

T

Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/MELE.2017.2784633
Date of publication: 28 February 2018

technology. the Government of india promotes various
schemes and policies for research and development by
the country's major fc system players, including research
and educational institutions and industries.

classifications of conventional Fcs
an fc is the main energy source of modern electric vehicles (evs) such as peMfc evs, which will likely become
more common due to their zero-emission advantages and
the other beneficial uses in the transportation sector and
as distributed storage when used with advanced converter
and battery technologies in the smart grid. figure 1 provides a description and operation of each class of fc categorized on the basis of the fuel used in the fuel reformer.

Direct-Methanol FCs
the direct-methanol fc (dMfc) is a relatively new type. it
resembles a peMfc in that it uses polymer electrolyte (sulfophynelated sulfonic) as an electrolyte. a typical solitary
dMfc can supply just 0.3-0.5 v under loaded conditions.
dMfcs are used to replace the batteries for cameras,
scratch-pad personal computers, and other convenient
electronic applications within the power range of 1  w-
1  kw. the internal operation is constrained by two vital
processes, which lower the framework efficiency (40%).
the principle of operation of the dMfc on the basis of
chemical equations is shown in figure 2.
IEEE Electrific ation Magazine / ma r c h 201 8

27



Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Electrification Magazine - March 2018

Contents
IEEE Electrification Magazine - March 2018 - Cover1
IEEE Electrification Magazine - March 2018 - Cover2
IEEE Electrification Magazine - March 2018 - Contents
IEEE Electrification Magazine - March 2018 - 2
IEEE Electrification Magazine - March 2018 - 3
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IEEE Electrification Magazine - March 2018 - Cover3
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