Food Protection Trends - September/October 2017 - 320
have been traced back to cattle showing outward disease
symptoms of listeriosis (24). Further, Salmonella serovars
recovered from diseased cattle in Michigan was responsible
for an increase in the incidences of human salmonellosis
(16). Risk assessments ranged from low to medium, and
there was no consensus on perceptions of severity regarding
this risk. However, respondents indicated similar mitigation
strategies; inspections [AB][ON] and on-farm food safety
programs [MB] were deemed to be efficacious in mitigating
this risk at both pre-slaughter stages. In addition, the
voluntary Verified Beef Production program, delivered across
Canada by the Canadian Cattlemen's Association, helps
establish essential standard operating procedures for proper
management practices (e.g., animal health management,
responsible antibiotic usage, personnel training) and
performs third-party validation audits to ensure continued
success. The goal of this program is to promote and ensure
consistently safe and high quality beef products (22).
In terms of province-specific risk mitigation strategies,
ON indicated the presence of emergency management
programs to manage animal health issues arising on-farm, an
initiative led by the Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food
and Rural Affairs (OMAFRA). AB also identified the usage
of provincially-licensed mobile butchers, which perform
the slaughter of animals on-farm; use of these butchers
could potentially avoid the negative impacts of transporting
animals, which could otherwise promote or exacerbate
disease (15). However, meat slaughtered by a mobile
butcher must be identified as "uninspected - not for sale"
and is available for consumption only by the producer and
immediate household, unless ante mortem inspections take
place (5). This initiative is also in effect in British Columbia
and the Yukon (5). No gaps were identified in the current
processes to mitigate poor animal health.
SRM constitutes a sizeable risk because of the potential
for the spread of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy
(BSE), or "mad cow disease," from infected to healthy
cattle. According to the Canadian Health of Animals Act
(2015): "specified risk material (SRM) means the skull,
brain, trigeminal ganglia, eyes, tonsils, spinal cord and
dorsal root ganglia of cattle aged 30 months or older."
One of the potential routes of transmission for SRM is in
animal feed, as noted by AB and BC. The consequence of
this risk was perceived at drastically different levels; AB
noted that the consequence of contamination was high
while BC perceived this as low. In Canada, animal feed
is strictly regulated by the federal government (Table 2);
therefore, federally-established SRM removal programs
and protocols are the primary means of mitigating the
likelihood of SRM contamination, which was indicated
by both AB and BC. The respondents also did not
identify gaps in the current processes to mitigate SRM
contamination of animal feed, likely because of stringent
federal control measures.
320
Food Protection Trends September/October
Slaughter
All respondents identified mishandling of SRM during
slaughter as the dominant risk factor leading to downstream
dissemination of pathogenic microorganisms. Any deviation
from standardized procedures for handling (i.e., identification, removal and destruction) of SRM may be considered
non-compliance.
It is well recognized that improper slaughter is a leading
risk factor for contamination of carcasses (13, 31), although
strict legislation has defined the proper dressing and removal
procedures of SRM during slaughter (Table 2). Although
all respondents identified improper SRM handling as a risk
factor, their individual risk perceptions varied; AB was the
sole province to perceive this as a high risk factor, whereas
other provinces perceived this as ranging from low to
moderate, likely due to differences in relative proportions
of the beef industries within their provincial economy.
To address this risk, experts have recommended several
strategies: on-farm food safety programs [AB][MB], ante/
post mortem inspections [BC][ON], adequate sanitation
[ON][SK], visual inspections [BC][MB], regulations [AB],
government-funded extension services [AB], education and
training of personnel [BC] and proper plant management
[BC]. With the exception of ON, the respondents identified
the following gaps in risk mitigation: a lack of policy in
regulation of sanitation schemes [SK], a lack of training for
inspectors and staff [BC][MB], the absence of oversight
for Class D and E facilities (i.e., licensed on-farm slaughter
facilities where product sales are restricted to the region
of slaughter) [BC] and a lack of standardization in the
procedures for handling of SRM [AB]. Both AB and MB
called for a standardization of meat safety regulatory
requirements in their respective provinces. Efforts to
develop legislation leading to enhanced practices have been
seen; BC indicated that provincial strategies have focused
primarily on the industry level, including the development
of standardized procedures for those facilities allowing
on-farm slaughter (e.g., Class D and E facilities in BC),
continual training, and the integration of the Regional
District North Okanagan (RDNO) project, which seeks
to enhance the resiliency of rural agricultural sites by
providing essential services (e.g., food safety workshops)
(29). AB and MB noted their provincial strategies revolved
mainly around developing new legislation, including a
joint effort of industry and provincial agencies to develop
enhanced policies [AB], and the development of industry
requirements for better documentation during slaughter
and downstream processing [MB].
Post-slaughter processing
The respondents identified two predominant risks
associated with post-slaughter processing: mishandling
and temperature abuse, both of which could exacerbate the
likelihood or severity of microbial contamination (19).
Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Food Protection Trends - September/October 2017
Contents
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2017 - Cover1
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2017 - Cover2
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2017 - Contents
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2017 - 310
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2017 - 311
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2017 - 312
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2017 - 313
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2017 - 314
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2017 - 315
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2017 - 316
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2017 - 317
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2017 - 318
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2017 - 319
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2017 - 320
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2017 - 321
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2017 - 322
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2017 - 323
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2017 - 324
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2017 - 325
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2017 - 326
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2017 - 327
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2017 - 328
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2017 - 329
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2017 - 330
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2017 - 331
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2017 - 332
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2017 - 333
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2017 - 334
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2017 - 335
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2017 - 336
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2017 - 337
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2017 - 338
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2017 - 339
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2017 - 340
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2017 - 341
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2017 - 342
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2017 - 343
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2017 - 344
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2017 - 345
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2017 - 346
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2017 - 347
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2017 - 348
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2017 - 349
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2017 - 350
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2017 - 351
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2017 - 352
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2017 - 353
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2017 - 354
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2017 - 355
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2017 - 356
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2017 - 357
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2017 - 358
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2017 - 359
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2017 - 360
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2017 - 361
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2017 - 362
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2017 - 363
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2017 - 364
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2017 - 365
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2017 - 366
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2017 - 367
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2017 - 368
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2017 - 369
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2017 - 370
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2017 - 371
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2017 - 372
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2017 - 373
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2017 - 374
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2017 - 375
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2017 - 376
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2017 - 377
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2017 - 378
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2017 - 379
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2017 - 380
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2017 - 381
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2017 - 382
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Food Protection Trends - September/October 2017 - 384
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2017 - Cover3
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2017 - Cover4
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