IEEE Electrification Magazine / JUNE 2021 41 Bidirectional ac ac dc Inverter dc dc PV Panel Bidirectional dc dc Batteries Bidirectional ac E or H Car ac dc ac Batteries 240 V PV Panel Bidirectional dc dc dc ac ac 240/120 V dc dc dc Charger Inverter <50 kw 1 Residential Load Dryer Washer TV Computer Range Microwave Water Heater A/C Unit Lighting 2 Dryer Washer TV Computer Range Residential Load Microwave Water Heater A/C Unit Lighting dc dc PV Panel ac dc dc Batteries Lighting 48V dc dc A/C Unit Dryer Washer 3 Figure 11. A scenario for the dc charger evolution. PV: photovoltaic; E: electric; H: hydrogen. TV Computer Residential Load Range Fridge Water Heater 4 Residential Load Dryer Washer TV Computer Range Microwave Water Heater A/C Unit Lighting E or H Car Bidirectional ac E or H Car Bidirectional ac Batteries dc ac 240/120V PV Panel Bidirectional dc dc ac dc ac 240/120 V dc Charger Inverter <50 kw dc dc dc Charger Inverter <50 kw dc ~380 V dc ~380 V Grid Grid dc ~380 V dc ~380 V Grid Grid