WSO - March 2024 - 358

358
International Journal of Stroke 19(3)
study of 8,751 UK Biobank participants. J Comorb 2018; 8:
1-8.
13. Goldstein LB, Samsa GP, Matchar DB and Horner RD.
Charlson Index comorbidity adjustment for ischemic stroke
outcome studies. Stroke 2004; 35: 1941-1945.
14. Zhu H and Hill MD. Stroke: the Elixhauser Index for comorbidity
adjustment of in-hospital case fatality. Neurology 2008;
71: 283-287.
15. A classification and outline of cerebrovascular diseases. II.
Stroke 1975; 6: 564-616.
16. Coull AJ, Silver LE, Bull LM, Giles MF and Rothwell PM;
Oxford Vascular (OXVASC) Study. Direct assessment of
completeness of ascertainment in a stroke incidence study.
Stroke 2004; 35: 2041-2045.
17. Rothwell PM, Coull AJ, Giles MF, et al. Change in stroke
incidence, mortality, case-fatality, severity, and risk factors in
Oxfordshire, UK from 1981 to 2004 (Oxford Vascular Study).
Lancet 2004; 363: 1925-1933.
18. Rothwell PM, Coull AJ, Silver LE, et al. Population-based
study of event-rate, incidence, case fatality, and mortality
for all acute vascular events in all arterial territories (Oxford
Vascular Study). Lancet 2005; 366: 1773-1783.
19. Lyden P. Using the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale.
Stroke 2017; 48: 513-519.
20. Van Swieten JC, Koudstaal PJ, Visser MC, Schouten HJ and
Van Gijn J. Interobserver agreement for the assessment of
handicap in stroke patients. Stroke 1988; 19: 604-607.
21. Abel GA, Barclay ME and Payne RA. Adjusted indices
of multiple deprivation to enable comparisons within and
between constituent countries of the UK including an illustration
using mortality rates. BMJ Open 2016; 6: e012750.
22. Adams HP, Jr, Bendixen BH, Kappelle LJ, Biller J, Love BB,
Gordon DL and Marsh EE. Classification of subtype of acute
ischemic stroke. Definitions for use in a multicenter clinical
trial. TOAST. Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment.
Stroke 1993; 24: 35-41.
23. Flint AC, Cullen SP, Faigeles BS and Rao VA. Predicting longterm
outcome after endovascular stroke treatment: the totaled
health risks in vascular events score. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol
2010; 31: 1192-1196.
24. Drozdowska BA, Singh S and Quinn TJ. Thinking about the
future: a review of prognostic scales used in acute stroke.
Front Neurol 2019; 10: 274.
25. Espinoza SE, Quiben M and Hazuda HP. Distinguishing
comorbidity, disability, and frailty. Curr Geriatr Rep 2018; 7:
201-209.
26. Evans NR, Todd OM, Minhas JS, et al. Frailty and cerebrovascular
disease: concepts and clinical implications for stroke
medicine. Int J Stroke 2022; 17: 251-259.
27. Marengoni A, Von Strauss E, Rizzuto D, Winblad B and
Fratiglioni L. The impact of chronic multimorbidity and disability
on functional decline and survival in elderly persons.
A community-based, longitudinal study. J Intern Med 2009;
265: 288-295.
28. Nunes BP, Flores TR, Mielke GI, Thumé E and Facchini LA.
Multimorbidity and mortality in older adults: a systematic review
and meta-analysis. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2016; 67: 130-138.
29. Williams JS and Egede LE. The association between multimorbidity
and quality of life, health status and functional disability.
Am J Med Sci 2016; 352: 45-52.
30. Jiménez Caballero PE, López Espuela F, Portilla Cuenca
JC, Ramírez Moreno JM, Pedrera Zamorano JD and Casado
Naranjo I. Charlson comorbidity index in ischemic stroke
and intracerebral hemorrhage as predictor of mortality and
functional outcome after 6 months. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis
2013; 22: e214-e218.
31. Teale EA, Forster A, Munyombwe T and Young JB. A systematic
review of case-mix adjustment models for stroke. Clin
Rehabil 2012; 26: 771-786.
32. Smith SM, Wallace E, O'Dowd T and Fortin M. Interventions
for improving outcomes in patients with multimorbidity in
primary care and community settings. Cochrane Database
Syst Rev 2021; 1: CD006560.
33. Quinn TJ, Taylor-Rowan M, Coyte A, et al. Pre-stroke modified
Rankin Scale: evaluation of validity, prognostic accuracy,
and association with treatment. Front Neurol 2017; 8: 275.
34. Downer MB, Li L, Carter S, Beebe S and Rothwell PM.
Associations of multimorbidity with stroke severity, subtype,
premorbid disability, and early mortality: Oxford Vascular
Study. Neurology 2023; 101: e645-e652.
International Journal of Stroke, 19(3)
WSO - March 2024

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of WSO - March 2024
