Hydrocarbon Processing - August 2022 - 61

Bonus Report Gas Processing & LNG Industry Spotlight
A. GARZA, Endress+Hauser, Greenwood, Indiana;
S. MILLER, Endress+Hauser, Rancho Cucamonga, California;
and S. SUTHERLAND, Endress+Hauser, Houston, Texas
LNG: Adapting to a more strategic role calls
for effective quality analysis
Disruptions of global hydrocarbon
supply chains have increased the importance
of liquefied natural gas (LNG),
causing larger numbers of buyers and
sellers to consider it for satisfying energy
demand. For some, this is unfamiliar territory,
requiring greater knowledge of the
technologies and practices involved, as
billions of dollars will be changing hands.
One major aspect of LNG custody
transfer involves basic questions of gas
purity and energy content to ensure that
the product can be added to local distribution
networks without issues. This article
will examine analyzer technologies
to evaluate LNG through its production
chain and to verify its suitability for
pipeline use.
Under normal conditions, LNG is often
sweeter and has fewer contaminants
than locally produced sales gas available
in most parts of the world. This is because
feed gas goes through extensive amine
and molecular sieve treatment to remove
contaminants that can cause problems
during the liquefaction process, such as
hydrogen sulfide (H2
(CO2
) and water (H2
S), carbon dioxide
O) (FIG. 1).
Additionally, heavier hydrocarbons
must also be removed, since they condense
at the temperatures involved.
Nonetheless, it is possible to create offspec
LNG, as these contaminants can
still be present, and, additionally, various
diluents may remain, reducing calorific
value and affecting the Wobbe index.
At this pretreatment stage, the contaminant
levels involved normally call
for tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy
(TDLAS) analyzers (FIG. 2)
at transfer points between the stages to
verify each step of the process. High-resolution
TDLAS analyzers provide selective
and specific on-line measurements of
H2
S, CO2 and H2
O in LNG feed gas.
Laser and detector components are
isolated and protected from the process
gas and entrained contaminants, thereby
avoiding fouling and corrosion. This ensures
stable long-term operation and accurate
measurements in the field. Fast
response to increases in H2
O concentration
can trigger timely alerts when there
is a breakthrough in molecular sieve adsorbent
beds. Once pretreatment is complete,
the gas moves to liquefaction and
on to the transport mechanism.
In the transport stream. Once natural
gas pretreatment is complete, it moves
to the liquefaction stage, after which it
FIG. 1. Natural gas must be treated before liquefaction to remove contaminants that can
condense at cryogenic temperatures or damage equipment.
Hydrocarbon Processing | AUGUST 2022 61

Hydrocarbon Processing - August 2022

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Hydrocarbon Processing - August 2022

Contents
Hydrocarbon Processing - August 2022 - Cover1
Hydrocarbon Processing - August 2022 - Cover2
Hydrocarbon Processing - August 2022 - Contents
Hydrocarbon Processing - August 2022 - 4
Hydrocarbon Processing - August 2022 - 5
Hydrocarbon Processing - August 2022 - 6
Hydrocarbon Processing - August 2022 - 7
Hydrocarbon Processing - August 2022 - 8
Hydrocarbon Processing - August 2022 - 9
Hydrocarbon Processing - August 2022 - 10
Hydrocarbon Processing - August 2022 - 11
Hydrocarbon Processing - August 2022 - 12
Hydrocarbon Processing - August 2022 - 13
Hydrocarbon Processing - August 2022 - 14
Hydrocarbon Processing - August 2022 - 15
Hydrocarbon Processing - August 2022 - 16
Hydrocarbon Processing - August 2022 - 17
Hydrocarbon Processing - August 2022 - 18
Hydrocarbon Processing - August 2022 - 19
Hydrocarbon Processing - August 2022 - 20
Hydrocarbon Processing - August 2022 - 21
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Hydrocarbon Processing - August 2022 - 25
Hydrocarbon Processing - August 2022 - 26
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Hydrocarbon Processing - August 2022 - 28
Hydrocarbon Processing - August 2022 - 29
Hydrocarbon Processing - August 2022 - 30
Hydrocarbon Processing - August 2022 - 31
Hydrocarbon Processing - August 2022 - 32
Hydrocarbon Processing - August 2022 - 33
Hydrocarbon Processing - August 2022 - 34
Hydrocarbon Processing - August 2022 - 35
Hydrocarbon Processing - August 2022 - 36
Hydrocarbon Processing - August 2022 - 37
Hydrocarbon Processing - August 2022 - 38
Hydrocarbon Processing - August 2022 - 39
Hydrocarbon Processing - August 2022 - 40
Hydrocarbon Processing - August 2022 - 41
Hydrocarbon Processing - August 2022 - 42
Hydrocarbon Processing - August 2022 - 43
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Hydrocarbon Processing - August 2022 - 45
Hydrocarbon Processing - August 2022 - 46
Hydrocarbon Processing - August 2022 - 47
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Hydrocarbon Processing - August 2022 - 49
Hydrocarbon Processing - August 2022 - 50
Hydrocarbon Processing - August 2022 - 51
Hydrocarbon Processing - August 2022 - 52
Hydrocarbon Processing - August 2022 - 53
Hydrocarbon Processing - August 2022 - 54
Hydrocarbon Processing - August 2022 - 55
Hydrocarbon Processing - August 2022 - 56
Hydrocarbon Processing - August 2022 - 57
Hydrocarbon Processing - August 2022 - 58
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Hydrocarbon Processing - August 2022 - 60
Hydrocarbon Processing - August 2022 - 61
Hydrocarbon Processing - August 2022 - 62
Hydrocarbon Processing - August 2022 - 63
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Hydrocarbon Processing - August 2022 - 65
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Hydrocarbon Processing - August 2022 - 70
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Hydrocarbon Processing - August 2022 - 72
Hydrocarbon Processing - August 2022 - 73
Hydrocarbon Processing - August 2022 - 74
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Hydrocarbon Processing - August 2022 - 76
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Hydrocarbon Processing - August 2022 - 78
Hydrocarbon Processing - August 2022 - 79
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Hydrocarbon Processing - August 2022 - Cover3
Hydrocarbon Processing - August 2022 - Cover4
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https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201901
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/petrochemical_2018_v2
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/petrochemical_2018
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201812
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hpimarket_2019_v2
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hpimarket_2019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/gulfpub/hp_201811
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