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to instrumentation and measurement will be reviewed, including
data validation, scalability, data standards, technical
issues with new sensors and data collection, and matters related
to international collaboration.
CART Platform Architecture
Detailed descriptions of the hub computer and sensors have
been published previously [30]-[32]. A brief summary of the
components of the CART platform is illustrated in Fig. 1. The
architecture of the backend system is shown in Fig. 2.
The platform consists of a hub computer (Raspberry Pi)
that is connected to a participant's internet service. Wired Ethernet
connections are preferred, but the ability to connect the
hub to a participant's Wi-Fi is an alternative connection mode.
The hub computer communicates with sensors using wireless
protocols (Zigbee, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth) for data collection. Data is
sent securely from the hub computer to a central databased via
a virtual private network (VPN).
Monitoring of participant activity in the home is collected
using PIR sensors (NYCE) mounted on the wall in
each room at shoulder height. Four PIR sensors with restricted
fields are placed on the ceiling in a location regularly
traversed by participants in the home, such as a hallway, at
approximately 61 cm intervals to measure gait speed. Contact
sensors (NYCE) are also placed on all doorways that exit
the home. Step count, activity level, and sleep measures are
collected using an activity monitoring wristwatch (Withings
Activité) that participants are asked to wear at all times.
Other actigraphs and related wearables can also be used. A
contact-free, under mattress sleep sensor based on ballistocardiography
(EMFIT QS) provides an estimate of sleep
periods and records heart rate, respiration rate, and movement
during the night.
Medication taking behavior is collected using an electronic
pillbox (TimerCaps iSort). The pillbox records when each of its
daily compartments is opened and closed. An electronic scale
(Withings Body Cardio) collects information on physiological
measures (weight, body mass index, pulse), and participants
are asked to use the scale on a daily basis. Software on the
computer (NesterSoft WorkTime) records computer use metrics
for individuals running a Windows operating system on
a desktop or laptop computer, including the time spent on the
computer, applications used, and number of session on the
computer each day.
A sensor connected to the ODB-II port (Automatic Pro) in
participant's cars provides information on driving behavior
including number and length of trips, time on the highway,
hard accelerations, and hard braking.
Issues Related to Monitoring Health
Domains with Home Assessment
Platforms
Remote Monitoring
Although home-based assessment allows data to be collected
on daily activities and functioning in a real-world setting,
there remains multiple challenges that need to be addressed
to provide accurate and clinically relevant information. The
Fig. 1. The CART initiative platform hub computer and sensors. (a) The hub computer connects to the participant's Ethernet or Wi-Fi, communicates with the
sensors in the home, and securely transmits sensor data back to the CART servers. (b) The smart scale provides highly accurate weight, Body Mass Index plus body
fat, and heart rate. (c) The wearable watch that measures steps and sleep-related behaviors. (d) Contact sensors (yellow circle) installed on each egress door in
the home. (e) Passive Infrared motion sensors (yellow circle) mounted on the wall in each room, and the electronic pillbox (yellow arrow) to monitor medication
adherence. (f) The pressure sensitive bedmat is placed under to mattress to monitor sleep-related behaviors.
70
IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine
September 2021

Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 24-6

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