Most notable among the window results is the Artificial Island project, which was the subject of a window that opened in April 2013. associated with this window involved assessing the comparative performance benefits of the various technical solutions, the costs and cost-containment of the solutions, and the expected ability of the sponsor to permit and construct the proposed project. Some of the proposed transmission lines would have crossed the Delaware River and also traversed highly sensitive The Artificial Island window highlights both the benefits and complexity of the sponsorship model. A wide range of technical solutions were proposed, ranging from new extrahigh-voltage transmission lines to the application of power electronics devices. The proposals demonstrated the creativity and innovative ideas of the developer community. The complexity table 1. A summary of PJM competitive window solicitations, 2013-2015. Artificial Island Market Efficiency 2014 RTEP Proposal Window 1 Window open 29 April 2013 12 August 2013 27 June 2014 Window close 28 June 2013 26 September 28 July 2013 2014 Objective Operational performance Market efficiency Flow gates (violations) 1 Total proposals 2014 RTEP Proposal Window 2 2014/15 RTEP Long-Term Proposal Window 17 October 2014 2015 RTEP Proposal Window 1 2015 RTEP Proposal Window 2 30 October 2014 18 June 2015 5 August 2015 17 November 2014 27 February 2015 20 July 2015 4 September 2015 Reliability criteria: thermal Reliability criteria: thermal and voltage; TO criteria Long-term reliability criteria: TO criteria; market efficiency Reliability criteria: thermal and voltage TO thermal criteria, TO voltage criteria; light-load thermal and voltage 25 112 311 77 306 22 26 17 106 79 118 91 23 Entities 7 6 15 14 22 9 4 Cost range US$100 million- US$1.5 billion US$0.19 million- US$528 million US$0.02 million- US$1.4 billion US$0.2 million- US$450 million US$0.1 million- US$432.5 million US$0.013 million- US$167.1 million US$.075 million- US$31 million Proposals approved by PJM board 1 1 22 34 16 20 6 Approved greenfield projects 1* 0 0 4 0 0 0 Approved upgrade projects 1* 1 22 30 16 20 6 Approved incumbent 1* 1 22 33 16 20 6 Approved nonincumbent 1* 0 0 1 0 0 0 * Portions of this project were awarded to both the incumbent and nonincumbent entities; additionally this project includes both greenfield and upgrade aspects. july/august 2016 ieee power & energy magazine 69